Almamies of Massina
1818-1845: Seku Amadu
1845-1867: Amadu II
1867-1879: Ba Lobbo
1879-1893: Amadu II
-sees increasingly corrupt administration growing and lax observance of Islam
-grows a backlash
Mahdi of Massina
1893-1902: Ahmadu al-Kano †
-comes from a city in Sokoto
-observes Massina in particular as having degenerated in Islam after a hajj
-assembles an army, declares himself the Mahdi, and successfully overthrows the Almamy
-engages in a huge period of war in expansion
-initial expansion westwards towards United States of Fredonia with a war that ends with initial victory
-but Fredish Presidents > 1889-1912 Leonard Butler (Constitutional) † successfully defeats it in gigantic battle at Musardu and chops it into pieces through modern repeater guns
-gets tribute from Kong and agreements for it to follow stricter Islam
-afterwards, decides to go to war in the Mossi states
-war is initial success and they are conquered with state increasingly diverting southwards
-even fights in Dagbon in smashing battles and he hopes to conquer the Ashanti
-however, when crushing a rebellion in the Mossi areas, he suffers a wound which gets infected
-he dies from it
Caliphs of Massina
1902-1923: Said al-Kano
-with the ensuing power dispute his son gets control of main territory
-however, Timbuktu falls to Tuareg
-and his main general declares a new country in Moogho
-engages in state-building in reaction to Fredonia's victory